Fosetyl-aluminium 三乙膦酸铝

三乙膦酸铝

分子式(C2H50HPO3)3Al
1977年法国Rhone-Poulenc Co.(罗纳-普朗克公司)开发
英文通用名称 phosethyl-Al
其他名称 Aliette，疫霉灵，疫霜灵，乙磷铝，霉疫净，克霉灵，霉菌灵
毒性 属低毒杀菌剂。原粉大鼠急性经口LD50为5800毫克/公斤，急性涂皮LD50＞3200毫克/公斤。
理化性质：原药为白色粉末，易溶于水，难溶于有机溶剂。挥发性小，遇酸、碱易分解。无腐蚀性，不易燃，不易爆，遇潮湿易结块。
作用特点：本剂为对卵菌所致病害具特效的内吸性杀菌剂。既能通过根部和基部茎叶吸收后向上输导，也能从上部叶片吸收后向基部叶片输导。药剂只有在植株体内才能发挥防病作用，离体条件下对病菌的抑制作用很小，其防病原理认为是药剂刺激寄主植物的防御系统而防病。
剂型 40%、80%、90%三乙磷铝可湿性粉剂，30%胶悬剂。
特点 是高效、低毒内吸杀菌剂，具有双向传导功能兼有保护和治疗作用，有效期3-4周。
适用范围 对藻菌亚门中的霜霉属、疫霉属病原真菌、单轴病菌引起的病害如蔬菜、果树霜霉病、疫病、菠萝心腐病、柑橘根腐病、茎溃病、草霉茎腐病、红髓病有效。

使用方法

1、 各类蔬菜霜霉病的防治 40%可湿性粉剂200-300倍液在发病初期喷药，每隔10天喷1次，共喷2-5次。
2、 番茄晚疫病、轮纹病、黄瓜疫病、茄子绵疫病、甜椒疫病的防治 用40%可湿性粉剂200-300倍液喷雾，间隔期为7-10天，共喷3-4次。
3、 水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病的防治 40%可湿性粉剂300倍液喷雾，间隔期为10天，共喷3-4次。
4、 烟草黑胫病防治 每次每亩用40%可湿性粉剂750克(有效成分300克)，兑水50公斤喷雾，间隔期为7-10天，共喷2-3次。
5、 橡胶割面条溃疡病的防治 40%可湿性粉剂100倍液涂布切口。
注意事项 本品易潮结，应置于干燥密封处保存，遇结块不影响使用效果。 勿与酸性、碱性农药混用。 长期使用容易产生抗性，可与灭菌丹、多菌灵等混用以提高防效。 黄瓜、白菜上使用浓度偏高时易产生药害。

注意事项

1、勿与酸性、碱性农药混用，以免分解失效。与多菌灵、福美双、灭菌丹、代森锰锌、DT杀菌剂等混配混用，可提高防效，扩大防治范围。
2、 本品易吸潮结块，贮运中应注意密封，干燥保存。如遇结块，不影响使用效果。
3、使用浓度高达4000微克/毫升时，对黄瓜、白菜有轻微药害，所以浓度一般不应超过2000微克/毫升。
4、如连续使用容易引起病菌抗药性，而使药效降低。开始使用本品时应与其他杀菌剂轮用，或与灭菌丹、克菌丹、代森锰锌等药剂混用。
5、对疫霉菌引起的根茎部病害用土壤处理方法效果好，而对由其引起的叶部病害用喷雾方法效果差。
6、施药时要注意防护，施药后要用肥皂洗手、洗脸。
7、急性中毒多在12小时内发病，口服立即发病。轻度：头痛、头昏、恶心、呕 吐、多汗、无力、胸闷、视力模糊、胃口不佳等，全血胆碱酯酶活力一般降至正常值的70－50%；中度：除上述症状外还出现轻度呼吸困难、肌肉震颤、瞳孔缩小、精神恍惚、行走不稳、大汗、流涎、腹疼、腹泻等。重者还会出现昏迷、抽搐、呼吸困难、口吐白沫、大小便失禁，惊厥，呼吸麻痹。
8、急救方法：[1] 用阿托品1－5mg作皮下或静脉注射(按中毒轻重而定)。[2] 用解磷定0.4－1.2g静脉注射(按中毒轻重而定)。[3] 禁用吗啡、茶硷、吩噻嗪、利血平。[4] 误服时立即引吐、洗胃、导泻(清醒时才能引吐)。

fosetyl-aluminium
Fungicide
FRAC 33; phosphonate

NOMENCLATURE
fosetyl-aluminium
Common name fosetyl-aluminium
IUPAC name aluminium tris-O-ethylphosphonate
Other names efosite-Al* (rejected common name proposal); EPAL CAS RN [39148-24-8] EEC no. 254-320-2 Development codes LS 74 783; RP 32545 (both Rhône-Poulenc)

fosetyl
Common name fosetyl (BSI, draft E-ISO, (m) draft F-ISO (since 1984)); phosethyl* ((m) draft F-ISO (before 1984))
IUPAC name ethyl hydrogen phosphonate
Chemical Abstracts name ethyl hydrogen phosphonate
Other names efosite* (rejected common name proposal) CAS RN [15845-66-6]

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
fosetyl-aluminium
Composition Tech. is ³95% pure. Mol. wt. 354.1 M.f. C6H18AlO9P3 Form Colourless powder; (tech. is a white to yellowish powder). M.p. 215 °C V.p. <10-4 mPa (25 °C) KOW logP = -2.1 to -2.7 (23 °C) Henry <3.24 ´ 10-5 Pa m3 mol-1 (20 °C, calc.) Solubility In water 111.3 g/l (pH 6, 20 ºC). In methanol 920, acetone 13, ethyl acetate <1 (all in mg/l, 20 ºC). Stability Hydrolysis of fosetyl-aluminium occurs under extreme acid or alkaline conditions. DT50 5 d (pH 3), 13.4 d (pH 13). Decomposes above 276 ºC. Photostability DT50 23 daylight hours. pKa 4.7 (20-25 °C)

fosetyl
Mol. wt. 110.0 M.f. C2H7O3P

COMMERCIALISATION
History Fungicidal activity of aluminium salt reported by D. Horrière et al. (Phytiatr.-Phytopharm., 1977, 26, 3). Fosetyl-aluminium was introduced by Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie (now Bayer CropScience); first registered in 1977 in France. Patents FR 2254276 Manufacturers Bayer CropScience; Sannong

APPLICATIONS
fosetyl-aluminium
Biochemistry Acts by inhibiting germination of spores or by blocking development of mycelium and sporulation. Mode of action Systemic fungicide, rapidly absorbed through the plant leaves or roots, with translocation both acropetally and basipetally. Uses Control of diseases caused by e.g. Phytophthora, Pythium, Plasmopara, Bremia spp., etc. on a variety of crops including vines, fruit (citrus, pineapples, avocados, stone fruit and pome fruit), berries, vegetables, hops, ornamentals and turf. Application rates range from 1-7 kg/ha in citrus, 2 kg/ha in tree nuts, up to 3.6 kg/ha in pome fruit, 2 kg/ha in grapes and 2.4-4.5 kg/ha in cucumber. Also useful activity against several bacterial plant pathogens. Formulation types WG; WP. Compatibility Incompatible with foliar fertilisers. Selected products: 'Aliette' (Bayer CropScience); 'Fosim' (Agrimix); 'Manaus' (Rocca); 'Mikal' (various mixtures) (Bayer CropScience); 'Valete' (Vapco); 'Vialphos' (Vipesco)

OTHER PRODUCTS
fosetyl-aluminium
'Fosbel' (Probelte); 'Fosetal' (Papaeconomou); 'Prudence' (Bayer CropScience); 'Terronate' (Agriliance) mixtures: 'Altigan Flash' (+ folpet) (Sipcam Phyteurop); 'Artimon' (+ mancozeb) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Elicio' (+ fenamidone) (Bayer CropScience); 'Equation System' (+ famoxadone) (DuPont); 'Impresario' (+ famoxadone) (DuPont); 'Mildex' (+ fenamidone) (Bayer CropScience); 'Rhodax Express' (+ mancozeb) (Dow AgroSciences); 'Rhodax M' (+ mancozeb) (Philagro); 'Rhodax' (+ mancozeb) (Bayer CropScience); 'Sillage' (+ metiram) (BASF); 'Tertio' (+ cymoxanil+ fenamidone) (Bayer CropScience); 'Valiant' (+ cymoxanil+ folpet) (Bayer CropScience); 'Verita' (+ fenamidone) (Bayer CropScience) Discontinued products mixtures: 'Carlit' * (+ mancozeb+ benalaxyl) (Aventis); 'Chipco' * (+ iprodione) (Aventis)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by iodometric potentiometric titration (CIPAC Handbook, 1995, G, 82-88). Residues determined by glc of the parent compound and its metabolite. Details of methods are available from Bayer CropScience.

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
fosetyl-aluminium
Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats >7080 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rats and rabbits >2000 mg/kg. Non-irritating to skin. Inhalation LC50 (4 h) for rats >5.11 mg/l air. NOEL NOAEL (2 y) for dogs 298 mg/kg b.w. Non-teratogenic and non-mutagenic. ADI 2.98 mg/kg b.w (company proposed) Other Non-carcinogenic. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) U; EPA (formulation) III

ECOTOXICOLOGY
fosetyl-aluminium
Birds Acute oral LD50 for bobwhite quail >8000 mg/kg. Dietary LC50 (5 d) for bobwhite quail and mallard duck >20 000 ppm diet. Fish LC50 (96 h) for rainbow trout 428.1, bluegill sunfish 173.2 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (48 h) >100 mg/l. Algae EC50 (90 h) for Scenedesmus pannonicus 21.9 mg/l. Bees LD50 (96 h, oral) >461.8 µg/bee; (contact) >1000 µg/bee Worms LC50 (14 d) >1000 mg/kg.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
Animals Fosetyl-aluminium is almost completely absorbed and undergoes extensive metabolic transformation. The major end-products, CO2 and phosphorous acid, are excreted in expired air and urine, respectively. Plants The metabolism of fosetyl-aluminium in plants proceeds through the hydrolytic cleavage of the ethyl ester bond. Phosphorous acid is detected as the major metabolite. Soil/Environment In soil, fosetyl-aluminium has an extremely short half-life under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, with rapid dissipation and metabolism; DT50 (aerobic) 20 min to 1.5 h. In microbially active water/sediment systems, fosetyl-aluminium is rapidly degraded; DT50 14 to 40 h.