Diflubenzuron 除虫脲 灭幼脲

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除虫脲

概述

又名敌灭灵,灭幼脲1号。

属灭幼脲类杀虫剂,是20世纪70年代发现的昆虫生长调节剂,

特性

纯品为白色结晶,原粉为白色至黄色结晶粉末。不溶于水。难溶于大多数有机溶剂。对光、热比较稳定,遇碱易分解、在酸性和中性介质中稳定,对甲壳类和家蚕有较大的毒性,对人畜和环境中其他生物安全,属低毒无公害农药。

杀虫机理

其杀虫机理和过去的常规杀虫剂截然不同,既不是神经毒剂,也不是胆碱酯酶抑制剂,它的主要作用是抑制昆虫表皮的几丁质合成,同时对脂肪体、咽侧体等内分泌和腺体又有损伤破坏作用,从而妨碍昆虫的顺利蜕皮变态。

除虫脲为苯甲酸基苯基脲类除虫剂,与灭幼脲三号为同类除虫剂,杀虫机理也是通过抑制昆虫的几丁质合成酶的合成,从而抑制幼虫、卵、蛹表皮几丁质的合成,使昆虫不能正常蜕皮虫体畸形而死亡。害虫取食后造成积累性中毒,由于缺乏几丁质,幼虫不能形成新表皮,蜕皮困难,化蛹受阻;成虫难以羽化、产卵;卵不能正常发育、孵化的 幼虫表皮缺乏硬度而死亡,从而影响害虫整个世代,这就是除虫脲的优点之所在。

主要作用方式是胃毒和触杀。

使用方法

主要剂型 20%悬浮剂;5%、25%可湿性粉剂,75%WP;5%乳油

20%除虫脲悬浮剂适合于常规喷雾和低容量喷雾,也可采用飞机作业,使用时将药液摇匀后兑水稀释至使用浓度,配制成乳状悬浮液即可使用。

作物

防治对象

亩用药量(制剂量)

使用浓度

林木

松毛虫、天幕毛虫、尺蠖、美国白蛾、毒蛾

7.5~10克

4000~6000倍液

果树

金纹细蛾、桃小食心虫、潜叶蛾

5~10克

5000~8000倍液

农作物

粘虫、棉铃虫、菜青虫、卷叶螟、夜蛾、巢蛾

5~12.5克

3000~6000倍液

注意事项

除虫脲属脱皮激素,不宜在害虫高、老龄期施药,应掌握在幼龄期施药效果最佳。

悬浮剂贮运过程中会有少量分层,因此使用时应先将药液摇匀,以免影响药效。

药液不要与碱性物接触,以防分解。

蜜蜂和蚕对本剂敏感,因此养蜂区、蚕业区谨慎使用,如果使用一定要采取保护措施。沉淀摇起,混匀后再配用。

本剂对甲壳类(虾、蟹幼体)有害,应注意避免污染养殖水域。

 

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diflubenzuron
Insecticide
IRAC 15; benzoylurea

  diflubenzuron

NOMENCLATURE
Common name diflubenzuron (BSI, E-ISO, (m) F-ISO, ANSI, ESA)
IUPAC name 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea
Chemical Abstracts name N-[[(4-chlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide
Other names DFB CAS RN [35367-38-5] Development codes DU 112307; PH 60-40; PDD 60-40-I (all Duphar); TH 6040 (T. H. Agriculture & Nutrition Co., Inc.) Official codes OMS 1804; ENT 29 054

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Composition Tech. grade diflubenzuron is ³95% pure. Mol. wt. 310.7 M.f. C14H9ClF2N2O2 Form Colourless crystals; (tech., off-white to yellow crystals). M.p. 228 °C; (tech., 210-230 ºC, decomp.) V.p. 1.2 ´ 10-4 mPa (25 ºC) (gas saturation method) KOW logP = 3.89 S.g./density 1.56 Solubility In water 0.08 mg/l (pH 7, 25 ºC). In n-hexane 0.063, toluene 0.29, dichloromethane 1.8, methanol 1.1 (all in g/l, 20 °C). Stability Light-sensitive when in solution, but stable to sunlight as a solid. <0.5% decomposition after 1 d storage at 100 ºC; <0.5% after 7 d at 50 ºC. In aqueous solution (20 ºC), stable at pH 5 and 7 (DT50 >150 d), at pH 9 DT50 42 d.

COMMERCIALISATION
History Insecticide reported by J. J. van Daalen et al. (Naturwissenschaften, 1972, 59, 312) and reviewed by A. C. Grosscurt (Pestic. Sci., 1978, 9, 373) and W. Maas et al. (Chem. Pflanzenschutz-Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel, 1980, 6, 423). Introduced in 1975 by Philips-Duphar B.V. (now Crompton Corp.). Patents GB 1324293; US 3748356; US 3989842 Manufacturers Crompton; Sharda; Sundat

APPLICATIONS
Biochemistry Chitin synthesis inhibitor; and so interferes with the formation of the insect cuticle. This action is quite specific; related biochemical processes, such as chitin synthesis in fungi, and biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid and other mucopolysaccharides in chickens, mice and rats are not affected. Mode of action Non-systemic insect growth regulator with contact and stomach action. Acts at time of insect moulting, or at hatching of eggs. Uses For control of a wide range of leaf-eating insects in forestry, woody ornamentals and fruit. Controls certain major pests in cotton, soya beans, citrus, tea, vegetables and mushrooms. Also controls larvae of flies, mosquitoes, grasshoppers and migratory locusts. Used as an ectoparasiticide on sheep for control of lice, fleas and blowfly larvae. Due to its selectivity and rapid degradation in soil and water, diflubenzuron has no or only a slight effect on the natural enemies of various harmful insect species. These properties make it suitable for inclusion in integrated control programmes. Diflubenzuron is effective at 25-75 g/ha against most leaf-feeding insects in forestry; in concentrations of 0.01-0.015% a.i. against codling moth, leaf miners and other leaf-eating insects in top fruit; in concentrations of 0.0075-0.0125% a.i. against citrus rust mite in citrus; and at a dosage of 50-150 g/ha against a number of pests in cotton (cotton boll weevil, armyworms, leafworms), soya beans (soya bean looper complex) and maize (armyworms). Also for control of larvae of mushroom flies in mushroom casing (1 g/m2); mosquito larvae (25-100 g/ha); fly larvae in animal housings (0.5-1 g/m2 surface); and locusts and grasshoppers (60-67.5 g/ha). Formulation types GR; HN; OF; SC; UL; WG; WP. Compatibility Incompatible with strongly alkaline products. Selected products: 'Dimilin' (Crompton); 'Hilmilin' (Hindustan); 'Kitinex' (Cequisa); 'Patron' (Vapco)

OTHER PRODUCTS
'Adept' (Crompton); 'Micromite' (Crompton); 'Astonex' (Shell)

ANALYSIS
Product analysis by rplc (CIPAC Handbook, 1998, H, 141; AOAC Methods, 17th Ed., 983.07; A. van Rossum et al., Anal. Methods Pestic. Plant Growth Regul., 1984, 13, 165). Residues determined by hplc or glc after hydrolysis to 4-chloroaniline which is converted to a derivative (B. Rabenort et al., ibid., 1978, 10, 57).

MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY
Reviews CAG; FAO/WHO 92, 94 (see part 2 of Bibliography). Oral Acute oral LD50 for rats and mice >4640 mg/kg. Skin and eye Acute percutaneous LD50 for rabbits >2000, rats >10 000 mg/kg. Not a skin irritant; slight eye irritant (rabbits). Not a skin sensitiser (guinea-pigs). Inhalation LC50 for rats >2.88 mg/l. NOEL (2 y) for rats 40 mg/kg diet. No teratogenic, mutagenic, or oncogenic effect was observed. ADI (JMPR) 0.02 mg/kg b.w. [2001]; 0.02 (JECFA evaluation) [1994]. Other Acute i.p. LD50 for mice >2150 mg/kg. Toxicity class WHO (a.i.) U; EPA (formulation) III

ECOTOXICOLOGY
Birds Dietary LC50 (8 d) for bobwhite quail and mallard ducks >4640 mg/kg diet. Fish LC50 (96 h) for zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) >0.2,rainbow trout >0.2 mg/l. Daphnia LC50 (48 h) 7.1 mg/l. Algae LC50 for Selenastrum capricornutum >0.3 mg/l. Other aquatic spp. LC50 for molluscs >200 mg/l. Bees Not hazardous to bees and predatory insects; LD50 (oral and contact) >100 mg/bee. Worms NOEC for Eisenia foetida 780 mg/kg substrate.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
EHC 184 (WHO, 1996). Animals In rats, following oral administration, elimination is partly as the unchanged parent compound in the faeces, partly as hydroxylated metabolites (for c. 80%) and as 4-chlorophenylurea plus 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid (for c. 20%). The intestinal absorption is strongly related to the dosage administered - the higher the dosage, the more (relatively) is excreted unchanged in the faeces. See A. Verloop & C. D. Ferrell, ACS Symp. Series, 1977, No. 37, 237. Plants Non-systemic. Not metabolised on plants (idem, ibid.). Soil/Environment Diflubenzuron is strongly absorbed by soil/humic acid complex and is virtually immobile in soil. Rapidly degraded in soil, with a half-life of <7 days. The principal degradation products are 4-chlorophenylurea and 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid (idem, ibid.).